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<title>ABC (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ABC (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">ABC</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leo Geurts, <a href="Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a>, <a href="Steven_Pemberton" title="Steven Pemberton">Steven Pemberton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.05.02

/ 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1990</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a>, and <a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/">homepages<wbr>.cwi<wbr>.nl<wbr>/~steven<wbr>/abc<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>, <a href="ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>ABC</b> is an <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> general-purpose <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) developed at <a href="Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI), in <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> by Leo Geurts, <a href="Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a>, and <a href="Steven_Pemberton" title="Steven Pemberton">Steven Pemberton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is interactive, structured, <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, and intended to be used instead of <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, or <a href="AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>. It is intended for teaching or prototyping, but not as a systems-programming language.

</p><p>ABC had a major influence on the design of the language <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, developed by <a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, who formerly worked for several years on the ABC system in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<p>Its designers claim that ABC <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> are typically around a quarter the size of the equivalent <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> or <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programs, and more readable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key features include:

</p>

<ul><li>Only five basic <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a></li>

<li>No required variable declarations</li>

<li>Explicit support for <a href="Top-down_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down programming">top-down programming</a></li>

<li>Statement nesting is indicated by <a href="Indent_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Indent style">indentation</a>, via the <a href="Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinite_precision_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite precision arithmetic">Infinite precision arithmetic</a>, unlimited-sized lists and strings, and other features supporting orthogonality and ease of use by novices</li>

<li>Polymorphic commands and functions</li>

<li>Interactive environment with command completion, persistent workspaces, and no separate file handling</li></ul>

<p>ABC was originally a <a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application">monolithic implementation</a>, leading to an inability to adapt to new requirements, such as creating a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI). ABC could not directly access the underlying <a href="File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.

</p><p>The full ABC system includes a programming environment with a <a href="Structure_editor" title="Structure editor">structure editor</a> (syntax-directed editor), suggestions, <a href="Static_variable" title="Static variable">static variables</a> (persistent), and multiple workspaces, and is available as an <a href="Interpreter_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter (computer software)">interpreter</a>–<a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>. As of 2020, the latest version is 1.05.02, and it is ported to <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>, and Apple <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>An example function to collect the set of all <code>words</code> in a document:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<pre>HOW TO RETURN words document:

PUT {} IN collection

FOR line IN document:

FOR word IN split line:

IF word not.in collection:

INSERT word IN collection

RETURN collection

</pre>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<p>ABC has been through multiple iterations, with the current version being the 4th major release. Implementations exist for Unix-like systems, MS-DOS/Windows, Macintosh, and other platforms. The source code was made available via Usenet in the late 1980s/early 1990s.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBiancuzziWarden2009" class="citation book cs1">Biancuzzi, Federico; Warden, Shane (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=He-was-clearly-influenced-by-ALGOL-68"><i>Masterminds of Programming: Conversations with the Creators of Major Programming Languages</i></a>. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. p. 32. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-51517-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2009</span>. <q>He [Lambert Meertens] was clearly influenced by <a href="ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>'s philosophy of providing constructs that can be combined in many different ways to produce all sorts of different data structures or ways of structuring a program. – <a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPemberton1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Steven_Pemberton" title="Steven Pemberton">Pemberton, Steven</a> (January 1987). "An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs". <i>IEEE Software</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.1987.229797">10.1109/MS.1987.229797</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12788361">12788361</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (2008-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229095320/http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id%3B66665771">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: Python"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. IDG Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;66665771">the original</a> on 2008-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>. <q>... I figured I could design and implement a language 'almost, but not quite, entirely unlike' ABC, improving upon ABC's deficiencies, ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Bruce (2002-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313095540/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2002/06/04/guido.html">"An Interview with Guido van Rossum"</a>. <i>ONLamp.com</i>. O’Reilly Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2002/06/04/guido.html">the original</a> on 2013-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>. <q>... in my head I had analyzed some of the reasons it had failed.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPemberton2012" class="citation web cs1">Pemberton, Steven (2012-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/">"The ABC Programming Language: a short introduction"</a>. <i><a href="Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI)</i>. Amsterdam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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</style><span class="citation foldoc">This article is based on material taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foldoc.org/ABC">ABC</a> at the <i><a href="Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a></i> prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the <a href="GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>, version 1.3 or later.</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGeurtsMeertensPemberton1990" class="citation book cs1">Geurts, Leo; Meertens, Lambert; Pemberton, Steven (1990-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/programmers/handbook.html"><i>ABC Programmer's Handbook</i></a>. New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-000027-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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